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Even a century after the discovery of ferroelectricity, the quest for the novel multifunctionalities in ferroelectric and multiferroics continues unbounded. Vertically aligned nanocomposites (VANs) offer a new avenue toward improved (multi)functionality, both for fundamental understanding and for real-world applications. In these systems, vertical strain effects, interfaces, and defects serve as key driving forces to tune properties in very positive ways. In this Perspective, the twists and turns in the development of ferroelectric/multiferroics oxide–oxide and unconventional metal–oxide VANs are highlighted. In addition, the future trends and challenges to improve classic ferroelectric/multiferroic VANs are presented, with emphasis on the enhanced functionalities offered by existing VANs, as well as those in emerging systems. 

This perspective considers the enormous promise of epitaxial functional transition metal oxide thin films for future applications in low power electronic and energy applications since they offer wide-ranging and highly tunable functionalities and multifunctionalities, unrivaled among other classes of materials. It also considers the great challenges that must be overcome for transition metal oxide thin films to meet what is needed in the application domain. These challenges arise from the presence of intrinsic defects and strain effects, which lead to extrinsic defects. Current conventional thin film deposition routes often cannot deliver the required perfection and performance. Since there is a strong link between the physical properties, defects and strain, routes to achieving more perfect materials need to be studied. Several emerging methods and modifications of current methods are presented and discussed. The reasons these methods better address the perfection challenge are considered and evaluated.